DOI - Mendel University Press

DOI identifiers

ISBN: 978-80-7509-885-6 | ISBN online: 978-80-7509-886-3 | DOI: 10.11118/978-80-7509-886-3

NOVÁ TECHNOLOGIE PRO TĚŽBU PAŘEZŮ S VYUŽITÍM PRO ENERGETICKÉ ÚČELY

Radomír Ulrich, Luboš Staněk, Ladislav Zvěřina

Stumps left behind after the felling of trees represent an important source of renewable energy that could be used for fuel mixtures as a sustainable solution. The subject of this research was to determine the influence of tree species, stump diameter size, and subsoil on the time required for stump processing. Evaluated parameters included the mean time for one stump’s processing; the stump processing time based on the stump diameter; different soil types and tree species; and the tree species type (coniferous, broadleaved). The research was conducted in the territory of the Czech Republic in 2020/2021. There were 287 stumps and 6 tree species in total. The stumps were uprooted using a new prototype of grubbing head, developed at Mendel University in Brno, attached as an adapter on the boom of a JCB JS 220 LC excavator with a tracked undercarriage and was controlled remotely from an excavator cab. Research results confirmed that the processing time of one stump depends on the stump diameter (GLM), and the time needed for the processing of one stump increased with an increase in stump diameter in all experimental sites. An equation was suggested to predict the time needed to work on one stump.

Keywords: forest biomass; forest operations; grubbing head; mechanization; sustainable management; stump removal; time efficiency

1. edition, Published: 2022, online: 2022, publisher: Mendelova univerzita v Brně



References

  1. Ulrich - reference
  2. EUSTAFOR.2010. Biomass and Bioenergy Report. Brussels, Belgium: EUSTAFOR.
  3. Kaarakka, L.; Vaittinen, J.; Marjanen, M.; Hellsten, S.; Kukkola, M.; Saarsalmi, A.; Palviainen, M.; Helmisaari, H.S. 2018. Stump harvesting in Picea abies stands: Soil surface disturbance and biomass distribution of the harvested stumps and roots. For. Ecol. Manag., 425: 27-34. Go to original source...
  4. Alakangas, E. 2002. Renewable Energy Sources in Finland 2002. OPET Report 9 Finland-VTT Process. Jyväskylä, Finland; p. 51
  5. Luke: Natural Resources Institute Finland-Statistics Database [online]. Available at: www.luke.fi/en/statistics/energy/energy‑2016 [accessed: 1 June 2022].
  6. United Nations. 2015. Paris agreement [online]. Available at: https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/english_paris_agreement.pdf [accessed: 12 June 2022].
  7. Juntunen, M.; Herrala‑Ylinen, H. 2011. Metsien hoito [Silviculture]. In: Ylitalo, E. (Ed.). Finnish Statistical Yearbook of Forestry. Vantaa, Finland: Finnish Forest Research Institute, pp. 117-164.
  8. Persson, T.; Egnell, G. 2018. Stump harvesting for bioenergy: A review of climatic and environmental impacts in northern Europe and America. WIREs Energy Environ., 7: e307. Go to original source...
  9. Hunter, M. L. 1999. Maintaining Biodiversity in Forest Ecosystems, 1st ed. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Go to original source...
  10. Simanov, V. 2008. Výroba, Zpracování a Využití Biomasy [Production, Processing and Use of Biomass]. Přerov, Czech Republic: SZIF, p. 33.
  11. Laitila, J.; Poikela, A.; Ovaskainen, H.; Väätäinen, K. 2019. Novel extracting methods for conifer stumps. Int. J. Forest. Eng., 30: 56-65. Go to original source...
  12. Neruda, J.; Simanov, V.; Klvač, R.; Skoupý, A.; Kadlec, J.; Zemánek, T.; Nevrkla, P. 2015. Technika a Technologie v Lesnictví 2. [Machines and Technologies in Forestry 2.]. Brno, Czech Republic: Mendelova Univerzita v Brně.
  13. Hedman, L. 2008. Productivity at Stump Harvest. Umeå, SLU, Department of Forest Resource Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden, pp. 1-38.
  14. Persson, T. 2013. Environmental consequences of tree‑stump harvesting. For. Ecol. Manag., 290: 1-4. Go to original source...
  15. Persson, T. 2016. Stump harvesting-impact on climate and environment. For. Ecol. Manag., 371: 1-4. Go to original source...
  16. Persson, T. 2017. Stump harvesting for bioenergy-methods and environmental effects. Scand. J. For. Res., 32: 201-203. Go to original source...
  17. Uri, V.; Aosaar, J.; Varik, M.; Becker, H.; Kukumägi, M.; Ligi, K.; Pärn, L.; Kanal, A. 2015. Biomass resource and environmental effects of Norway Spruce (Picea abies) stump harvesting: An Estonian case study. For. Ecol. Manag., 335: 207-215. Go to original source...
  18. Eriksson, L. N.; Gustavsson, L. 2008. Biofuels from stumps and small roundwood - Costs and CO2 benefits. Biomass Bioenergy, 32: 897-902. Go to original source...
  19. Peltola, A. 2008. Finnish Statistical Yearbook of Forestry. Vammala, Finland: Finnish Forest Research Institute, Vammalan kirjapaino Oy; p. 456.
  20. Ylitalo, E. 2011. Metsätilastollinen Vuosikirja 2011 [Finnish Statistical Yearbook of Forestry]. Helsinki, Finland: Finnish Forest Research Institute, Vammalan Kirjapaino Oy:, p. 472.
  21. Laitila, J.; Ranta, T.; Asikainen, A. 2008. Productivity of stump harvesting for fuel. Int. J. Forest. Eng., 19: 37-47. Go to original source...
  22. Asikainen, A. 2010. Simulation of stump crushing and truck transport of chips. Scand. J. For. Res., 25: 245-250. Go to original source...
  23. Cleary, M. R.; Arhipova, N.; Morrison, D. J.; Thomsen, I. M.; Sturrock, R. N.; Vasaitis, R.; Gaitnieks, T.; Stenlid, J. 2013. Stump removal to control root disease in Canada and Scandinavia: A synthesis of results from long‑term trials. For. Ecol. Manag., 290: 5-14. Go to original source...
  24. Ministerstvo životního prostředí. 2022. Obnovitelné zdroje energie. Ministerstvo životního prostředí [online]. Dostupné na: https://www.mzp.cz/cz/obnovitelne_zdroje_energie [cit.: 2 listopadu 2022]
  25. E‑on. 2022. Co jsou to obnovitelné zdroje energie? E.on [online]. Dostupné na: https://www.eon.cz/radce/zelena-energie/zelena-elektrina/co-jsou-to-obnovitelne-zdroje-energie/ [cit.: 2 listopadu 2022].
  26. Příhoda, J. 2007. (nebylo uvedeno) Energeticky využitelná biomasa v lesním hospodářství. Lesnická práce, 86(1). Dostupné na: https://www.lesprace.cz/casopis-lesnicka-prace-archiv/rocnik-86-2007/lesnicka-prace-c-01-07/energeticky-vyuzitelna-biomasa-v-lesnim-hospodarstvi [cit.: 2 listopadu 2022].
  27. Chytrý, M. 2007. Potenciál lesní dendromasy pro energetické využití a energetická koncepce České republiky. Zprávy lesnického výzkumu, 52(SPECIAL 2007): 21-25. Dostupné na: https://www.vulhm.cz/zlv_online_detail/potencial-lesni-dendromasy-pro-energeticke-vyuziti-a-energeticka-koncepce-ceske-republiky/ [cit.: 2 listopadu 2022].
  28. Lazdinš, A.; Zimelis, A. 2012. System analysis of productivity and cost of stump extraction for biofuel using MCR 500 excavat or head. In: Treija, S., Skuja, I. (Eds.) Research for Rural Development 2012, Proceedings of the Annual 18th International Scientific Conference. Jelgava, Latvia, 16-18 May 2012. Jelgava, Latvia: Latvia University of Agriculture, pp. 62-68.
  29. Stupavský, V.; Wantulok, M.; Kratochvílová, Z. 2008. Zpracování Lesních Těžebních zbytků [Processing of Forest Logging Residues]. Praha, Czech Republic: CZ Biom - České Sdružení pro Biomasu, p. 32.
  30. Melin, Y.; Petersson, H.; Egnell, G. 2010. Assessing carbon balance trade-offs between bioenergy and carbon sequestration of stumps at varying time scales and harvest intensities. For. Ecol. Manag., 260: 536-542. Go to original source...
  31. Alam, A.; Kilpeläinen, A.; Kellomäki, S. 2012. Impacts of initial stand density and thinning regimes on energy wood production and management-related CO2 emissions in boreal ecosystems. Eur. J. For. Res., 131: 655-667. Go to original source...
  32. von Hofsten, H. 1968. Maskinell Upptagning av Stubbar - Möjligheter och Problem [Mechanical Uptake of Stumps - Opportunities and Problems]. Uppsala, Sweden: SkogForsk:, p. 12.
  33. Köstler, J. N.; Brückner, E.; Bibelriether, H. 1968. Die Wurzeln der Waldbäume. Hamburg/Berlin, Germany: Paul Parey Publishers:, p. 284.
  34. Hakkila, P. 1975. Kanto- ja juuripuun kuoriprosentti, puuaineen tiheys ja asetoniuutteiden määrä [Bark percentage, basic density and amount of acetone extractives in stump and root wood]. Folia For., 224: 7-15.
  35. Hakkila, P. 2004. Developing Technologyfor Large Scale Production of Forest Chips: Wood Energy Technology Programme 1999-2003. Prepared by VTI Processes, Helsinki, Finland.
  36. Flynn P, Kumar A. 2005. Trip Report: Site Visit to Alholmens 240 MW Power Plant, Pietarsaari, Finland. August 29 to September 2, 2005. Funded by BIOCAP Canada Foundation and the Province of British Columbia. Available at: 13 www.biocap.ca/files/reports/MPB_Study_Finland_Trip_Report.pdf [accessed: 10 March 2008].
  37. Victorsson, J.; Jonsell, M. 2016. Overlooked subterranean saproxylic beetle diversity in clear-cut stumps and its implications for stump extraction. For. Ecol. Manag., 371: 59-66. Go to original source...
  38. Björheden, R. 2006. Drivers behind the development of forest energy in Sweden. Biomass Bioenergy, 30: 289-295. Go to original source...
  39. Tekes. 2022. Tekes, National Technology Agency of Finland [online]. Available at: www.tekes.fi [accessed: 19 June 2022].
  40. Simanov, V. 1993. Dříví Jako Energetická Surovina: Možné Způsoby Energetického Využívání Těžebního Odpadu a Dalších Opomíjených Zdrojů Dříví [Wood as Energy Raw Material: Possible Methods of Energy Utilization of Mining Waste and other Neglected Sources of Wood]. Praha, Czech Republic: Ministerstvo zemědělství České republiky v Agrospoji, p. 116.
  41. Pastorek, Z.; Kclearyára, J.; Jevic, P. 2004. Biomasa: Obnovitelný Zdroj Energie [Biomass: A Renewable Source of Energy]. Praha, Czech Republic: FCC Public:, p. 286.
  42. Renshaw, E.; Comas, C.; Mateu, J. 2009. Analysis of forest thinning strategies through the development of space-time growth-interaction simulation models. Stoch. Environ. Res. Risk Assess., 23: 275-288. Go to original source...
  43. Ranlund, Å.; Victorsson, J. 2018. Stump extraction in the surrounding landscape: Predatory saproxylic beetles are more negatively affected than lower trophic levels. For. Ecol. Manag., 408: 78-86. Go to original source...
  44. Finér, L.; Mannerkoski, H.; Piirainen, S.; Starr, M. 2003. Carbon and nitrogen pools in old-growth, Norway spruce mixed forest in eastern Finland and changes associated with clear-cutting. For. Ecol. Manag., 174: 51-63. Go to original source...
  45. Alam, A.; Kellomäki, S.; Kilpeläinen, A.; Strandman, H. 2013. Effects of stump extraction on the carbon sequestration in Norway spruce forest ecosystems under varying thinning regimes with implications for fossil fuel substitution. GCB Bioenergy, 5: 445-458. Go to original source...
  46. Merilä, P.; Mustajärvi, K.; Helmisaari, H.-S.; Hilli, S.; Lindroos, A.-J.; Nieminen, T.M.; Nöjd, P.; Rautio, P.; Salemaa, M.; Ukonmaanaho, L. 2014. Above - and below-ground N stocks in coniferous boreal forests in Finland: Implications for sustainability of more intensive biomass utilization. For. Ecol. Manag., 311: 17-28. Go to original source...
  47. Kalliokoski, T.; Nygren, P.; Sievänen, R. 2008. Coarse root architecture of three boreal tree species growing in mixed stands. Silva Fenn., 42: 189-210. Go to original source...
  48. Hakkila, P. 1989. Utilization of Residual Forest Biomass. Springer Series in Wood Science. Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany: Springer. Go to original source...
  49. Karlsson, K.; Tamminen, P. 2013. Long-term effects of stump harvesting on soil properties and tree growth in Scots pine and Norway spruce stands. Scand. J. For. Res., 28: 550-558. Go to original source...
  50. Kataja-aho, S.; Smolander, A.; Fritze, H.; Norrgård, S.; Haimi, J. 2012. Responses of soil carbon and nitrogen transformations to stump removal. Silva Fenn., 46: 169-179. Go to original source...
  51. Becker, H.; Aosaar, J.; Varik, M.; Morozov, G.; Kanal, A.; Uri, V. 2016. The effect of Norway spruce stump harvesting on net nitrogen mineralization and nutrient leaching. For. Ecol. Manag., 377: 150-160. Go to original source...
  52. Egnell, G. 2016. Effects of slash and stump harvesting after final felling on stand and site productivity in Scots pine and Norway spruce. For. Ecol. Manag., 371: 42-49. Go to original source...
  53. Hyvönen, R.; Kaarakka, L.; Leppälammi-Kujansuu, J.; Olsson, B.A.; Palviainen, M.; Vegerfors-Persson, B.; Helmisaari, H.-S. 2016. Effects of stump harvesting on soil C and N stocks and vegetation 8-13 years after clear-cutting. For. Ecol. Manag., 371: 23-32. Go to original source...
  54. Petersson, M.; Örlander, G.; Nordlander, G. 2005. Soil features affecting damage to conifer seedlings by the pine weevil Hylobius abietis. Forestry, 78: 83-92. Go to original source...
  55. Rahman, A.; Viiri, H.; Tikkanen, O.-P. 2018. Is stump removal for bioenergy production effective in reducing pine weevil (Hylobius abietis) and Hylastes spp. breeding and feeding activities at regeneration sites. For. Ecol. Manag., 424: 184-190. Go to original source...
  56. Leather, S. R.; Day, K. R.; Salisbury, A. N. 1999. The biology and ecology of the large pine weevil, Hylobius abietis (Coleoptera: Curculionidae): A problem of dispersal? Bull. Entomol. Res., 89: 3-16. Go to original source...
  57. Rishbeth, J. 1963. Stump protection against Fomes annosus. III. Inoculation with Peniophora gigantea. Ann. App. Bio., 52: 63-77. Go to original source...
  58. Piri, T. 1996. The spreading of the S type of Heterobasidion annosum from Norway spruce stumps to the subsequent tree stand. Eur. J. For. Pathol., 26: 193-204. Go to original source...
  59. Rahman, A.; Viiri, H.; Pelkonen, P.; Khanam, T. 2015. Have stump piles any effect on the pine weevil (Hylobius abietis L.) incidence and seedling damage. Glob. Ecol. Conserv., 3: 424-432. Go to original source...
  60. Woodward, S.; Stenlid, J.; Karjalainen, R.; Hüttermann, A. (Eds.). 1998. Preface. In: Heterobasidion annosum: Biology, Ecology, Impact and Control. Wallingford, UK: CAB International, pp. 11-12.
  61. Garbelotto, M.; Gonthier, P. 2013. Biology, epidemiology and control of Heterobasidion species worldwide. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol., 51: 39-59. Go to original source...
  62. Gonthier, P.; Thor, M. 2013. Annosus root and butt rots. In: Gonthier, P., Nicolotti, G.(Eds.) Infectious Forest Diseases. London, UK: CAB International, pp. 128-158. Go to original source...
  63. Sierota, Z. 2013. Heterobasidion root rot in forests on forms agricultural lands in Poland: Scale of threat and prevention. Sci. Res. Essays., 8: 2298-2305.
  64. Vasaitis, R.; Stenlid, J.; Thomsen, I. M.; Barklund, P.; Dahlberg, A. 2008. Stump removal to control root rot in forest stands. A literature study. Silva Fenn., 42: 457-483. Go to original source...
  65. Walmsley, J. D.; Godbold, D. L. 2010. Stump harvesting for bioenergy - a review of the environmental Go to original source...
  66. impacts. Forestry, 83: 17-38.
  67. Hellsten, S.; Helmisaari, H.S.; Melin, Y.; Skovsgaard, J.P.; Kaakinen, S.; Kukkola, M.; Saarsalmi, A.; Petersson, H.; Akselsson, C. 2013. Nutrient concentrations in stumps and coarse roots of Norway spruce, scots pine and silver birch in Sweden, Finland and Denmark. Forest. Ecol. Manag., 290: 40-48. Go to original source...
  68. Zemánek, T.; Neruda, J. 2021. Impact on the Operation of a Forwarder with the Wheeled, Tracked-Wheel or Tracked Chassis on the Soil Surface. Forests, 12: 336. Go to original source...
  69. Eklöf, K.; Kraus, A.; Weyhenmeyer, G. A.; Meili, M.; Bishop, K. 2012. Forestry influence by stump harvest and site preparation on methylmercury, total mercury and other stream water chemistry parameters across a boreal landscape. Ecosystems, 15: 1308-1320. Go to original source...
  70. Kiikkilä, O.; Nieminen, T.M.; Starr, M.; Mäkilä, M.; Loukola-Ruskeeniemi, K.; Ukonmaanaho, L. 2014. Leaching of dissolved organic carbon and trace elements after stem-only and whole-tree clear-cut on boreal peatland. Water Air Soil Pollut., 225: 1767. Go to original source...
  71. Berg, S.; Nordfjell, T.; Bergström, D. 2015. Effect of stump size and timing of stump harvesting on ground disturbance and root breakage diameter. Silva Fenn., 49: 1312. Go to original source...
  72. Berg, S.; Nurmi, J.; Prinz, R. 2019. Comparison of ground disturbance of frozen peatland during stump harvesting using a stump dril and rake. Scand. J. For. Res., 34: 436-444. Go to original source...
  73. Hannam, K. 2012. The use of stumps for Biomass in British Columbia - a problem analysis. Technical report 066. Victoria, B.C., Prov. B.C. Available at: www.for.gov.bc.ca/hfd/pubs/Docs/Tr/Tr066.htm [accessed: 19 June 2022].
  74. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources (OMNR). 2010. Forest management guide for conserving biodiversity at the stand and site scales (stand and site guide). Toronto, Ont.: Ont. Min. Nat. Resourc, For. Br. Available at: www.mnr. gov.on.ca/en/Business/Forests/Publication/272847.html [Accessed 15 March 2022].
  75. Tapio. 2010. Energiapuun korjuu [online]. Available at: www.forestenergy.org/openfile/152 [Accessed 15 February 2022].
  76. Egnell, G., R. Hyvonen, L. Hogbom, T. Johansson, T. Lundmark, B. Olsson, E. Ring, and F. von Sydow. 2007. Miljökonsekvenser av stubbskörd - en sammanställning av kunskap och kunskapsbehov [Environmental aspects on stump-harvest - compilation of knowledge and knowledge gaps]. ER 2007:40. Available at: http://213.115.22.116/System/ViewResource.asp x?p=Energimyndigheten&rl=default:/Resources/Permanent/Static/ c1651c317234439eb39d8ea2e0672e07/ER%202007_40W.pdf [Accessed 15 February 2022].
  77. Forestry Commission. 2009. Stump harvesting: interim guidance on site selection and good practice. Forestry Commission, Edinburgh, Scotland. Available at: www.forestry.gov.uk/pdf/FC_stump_harvesting_guidance_April09.pdf/$FILE/ FC_stump_harvesting_guidance_April09.pdf [Accessed Feb. 2011].
  78. JCB. 2022. JCB JS 220 LC: 2021-2021. Specifikace, Technické Údaje [Specifications, Technical Data]. Lectura [online]. Dostupné na: www.lectura-specs.cz/ cz/model/stavebni-stroje/pasova-rypadla-jcb/220x-slc-11748037 (accessed on 4 June 2022).
  79. Palander, T.; Smolander, J.; Kärhä, K. 2015. Work system study of three stump-lifting devices in Finland. Scand. J. For. Res., 30: 558-567. Go to original source...
  80. Laitila, J.; Ala-Fossi, A.; Vartiamäki, T.; Ranta, T.; Asikainen, A. 2007. Productivity of Stump Lifting and Forest Haulage. Working Papers of the Finnish Forest Research Institute. Volume 46. Vantaa, Finland, pp. 1-26.
  81. Fredriksson, T. 2004. Kantojen korjuu lisääntyy [Harvesting of stumpand root wood is increasing]. Bioenergia, 4: 4-7.
  82. Kärhä, K. 2007. Metsähakkeen tuotantokalusto vuonna 2007 ja tulevaisuudessa [Production machinery for forest chips in Finlandin 2007 and in the future]. Metsätehon Kats., 28: 1-4.
  83. Kärhä, K. 2012. Comparison of two stump-lifting heads in final felling Norway spruce stand. Silva Fenn., 46: 625-640. Go to original source...
  84. Petr, J. 1983. Ergonomická hlediska v těžebně - výrobním procesu. In: Švenda, A. a kol. Technologie a příprava výroby dříví v LH ČSR. Praha, s. 204 - 225.
  85. Hubač, M., 1978. Kvantitatívne hodnotenie zaťaženia dynamickou prácou. Pr. Lekárstvo, 30: 128-138. Go to original source...
  86. Bílek, K. a kol. 2013. Učební texty z předmětu Těžba a doprava dříví. Písek: Vyšší odborná škola lesnická a Střední lesnická škola Bedřicha Schwarzenberga Písek.