ISBN: 978-80-7701-092-4 | ISBN online: 978-80-7701-093-1 | DOI: 10.11118/978-80-7701-093-1
20th International Symposium FORAGE CONSERVATION
15.–18. 6. 2026 Lednice
- Václav Jambor (ed.), Soňa Malá (ed.)
Publikováno: 2026, online: 2026, vydavatel: Mendel University in Brno
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Příspěvky konference
INTERNATIONAL SILAGE SCIENCE SOCIETY AIMS TO STRENGTHEN THE SCIENTIFIC UTILIZATION OF ENSILED BIOMASSES
Rinne, M.
DOI: 10.11118/978-80-7701-093-1-0013
The mission of the International Silage Science Society (ISSS) is to promote and advance silage science and technology through research, education and industry for enhanced fermented feeds for animal production as well as for efficient biomass preservation for bioenergy, biorefineries, and environmentally friendly recycling of agricultural and food industry by-products.
HOW CAN FORAGE MIXTURES HELP WITH FORAGE QUALITY MANAGEMENT?
Hakl, J.
DOI: 10.11118/978-80-7701-093-1-0014
Effective forage production from perennial fodder crops primarily depends on biomass yield and high forage quality. In this review, we highlighted the potential of multispecies mixtures to influence forage nutritive value, along with forage yield and environmental aspects of production. Multispecies mixtures have clear potential to increase forage yield without decreasing desirable nutrient concentrations. Besides, multispecies mixtures had higher concentrations of macro- and micronutrients. They could better balance protein and energy ratios, although this effect on N use efficiency may be unstable across seasons and years. Integrating bioactive-rich forage species into multispecies grassland systems is a promising strategy to enhance ruminant productivity and mitigate environmental impacts. Still, it is limited by lower content of desirable compounds in bioactive-rich species or their fluctuating proportions in the mixture, a lack of operative analytical methods, limited knowledge and control over appropriate agronomic management, and the functional doses required for consistent biological effects. Optimization of the contribution of mixtures to forage quality requires a deeper understanding of interactions among species, complementarity among functional groups, harvest timing, and environmental conditions, in close relation to transdisciplinary innovation in crop-livestock systems.
NIR FORAGE ANALYSIS: GLOBAL NETWORKS AND LOCAL CALIBRATION STRATEGIES
Orosz, Sz., Szentes, Sz., Wagenhoffer, Zs.
DOI: 10.11118/978-80-7701-093-1-0020
The authors review the methodological background of NIR forage analysis, with particular attention to database structures and size, inconsistencies among chemical reference methods, and the need for harmonization. The advantages and limitations of NIR spectroscopy and classic ’wet’ chemical analysis are critically compared. Applications of NIR technology across harvesting, preservation, and feeding processes, including in situ measurements, are presented. The paper emphasizes a comparative evaluation of globalized NIR laboratory networks versus locally developed, customized NIR databases, highlighting their respective strengths, limitations, and interdependencies. The benefits and risks associated with reliance on global NIR networks are discussed in contrast to local calibration development.Furthermore, the study examines the relevance of specific NIR parameters to key agricultural domains, including crop production, machinery operation, livestock management, feed formulation and veterinarian aspects. The role of global NIR laboratory networks in improving efficiency across forage production, harvesting, storage, and feeding is highlighted. Parameter sets and performance outcomes of selected global NIR networks are compared.
ESSENTIAL OILS AND FATTY ACIDS AS SILAGE ADDITIVES: A REVIEW
Nussio, L. G., Silva Neto, Á. B. de., Morais, G., Ribeiro, A. P., Ferreira, E. M.
DOI: 10.11118/978-80-7701-093-1-0040
Abstract The search for natural alternatives to conventional silage additives has stimulated interest in plant-derived compounds capable of modulating microbial activity during ensiling. This review aimed to compile and critically analyse the available literature on the use of essential oils and fatty acids as additives in silage production. A systematic search of major scientific databases identified 28 studies evaluating essential oils applied to a variety of forage silages, whereas information on fatty acids was extremely limited. Most experiments tested crude plant essential oils, frequently with incomplete descriptions of their chemical composition, and only a few studies evaluated individual bioactive compounds. Overall, the responses to essential oil application varied considerably depending on the forage species, oil composition, application rate and storage conditions. Alfalfa silage appeared to respond more consistently to several essential oils, with reports of enhanced lactic acid production, reduced proteolysis and improved aerobic stability. In whole-plant corn silage, the most consistent effect across studies was the improvement of aerobic stability, whereas impacts on fermentation quality were variable and occasionally suggested compromised acidification. For other forage types, results were inconsistent and often limited by experimental design or lack of microbiological data. The literature on fatty acids as silage additives remains scarce, although available evidence suggests that these compounds may exert selective antimicrobial pressure capable of influencing fermentation processes. Overall, current knowledge remains insufficient to establish clear recommendations for the use of these compounds in silage systems. Future research should prioritise the evaluation of individual bioactive molecules rather than crude oils, incorporate molecular approaches to characterise microbial modulation, and include detailed assessments of the early fermentative phase to better understand the mechanisms through which these compounds influence silage fermentation and preservation.
CARBON NEUTRALITY AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN ANIMAL HUSBANDRY
Cai, Y.
DOI: 10.11118/978-80-7701-093-1-0064
Carbon neutrality has become a global consensus and a core trend in development. Many countries are accelerating the development of green and low-carbon agricultural and animal husbandry technologies, steadily advancing the realization of the 2050 carbon neutrality goal. This conference will focus on sharing a series of research results from our team in the field of carbon neutrality and sustainable development in agriculture and animal husbandry, showcasing technical pathways and practical breakthroughs.
SEEING THE RIGHT MOMENT FOR SILAGE HARVEST: METHODS AND DECISION FRAMEWORKS
Mala, S., Synková, H., Jambor, V.
DOI: 10.11118/978-80-7701-093-1-0066
Finding the right time for maize silage harvest is one of the biggest practical challenges in forage production. Farmers must balance feed quality, yield, weather, and harvest logistics often within only a few days. In reality, harvest decisions are still mostly based on field experience and limited sampling, even though crop maturity can vary considerably within the same field This paper presents a practical framework combining multispectral drone monitoring, laboratory analysis, and field observations to support harvest decisions under real farming conditions. The approach was tested on multiple maize hybrids and agronomic treatments, with monitoring from standing crop through harvest to final silage. Part of the experiment was affected by unfavorable weather during harvest, which revealed the difference between theoretical prediction and practical farming reality. The results show that UAV monitoring can become a useful tool for silage management, especially when combined with agronomic experience and laboratory validation.
EFFECTS OF APPLIED LACTIC ACID BACTERIA (LAB) ON FERMENTATION QUALITY OF GRASS SILAGES FROM AUSTRIAN DAIRY FARMS
Resch, R., Stögmüller, G.
DOI: 10.11118/978-80-7701-093-1-0074
Silage additives were evaluated using 600 Austrian grass silage samples from the LK Silage Project 2024. Homofermentative Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) improved fermentation by increasing lactic acid and reducing butyric acid and dry matter losses, while heterofermentative LAB increased acetic acid and aerobic stability. Economic evaluation showed that homofermentative LAB significantly reduced nutrient losses, highlighting the practical value of LAB additives in grass silage production.
THE EFFECT OF DIFFERENT COMBINATIONS OF LACTIC ACID BACTERIA ON ESTER CONCENTRATIONS IN GRASS AND WHOLE-PLANT MAIZE SILAGE
Eisner, I., Ohl, S., Weiss, K.
DOI: 10.11118/978-80-7701-093-1-0076
Alcohol esters such as ethyl lactate and ethyl acetate are discussed as having a negative effect on silage palatability and intake. This study evaluated ester formation in grass and whole-plant maize silages treated with combinations of homo- and heterofermentative lactic acid bacteria. Concentrations of ethyl lactate and ethyl acetate were determined and compared with values estimated using a commonly applied ethanol-based prediction equation. Additive treatments influenced ester profiles, demonstrating treatment effects on fermentation pathways. However, under optimal ensiling conditions with limited air exposure and inoculation with heterofermentative lactic acid bacteria, ethanol concentration alone did not reliably predict ethyl lactate and ethyl acetate concentrations, and estimated values were generally higher than analytically determined concentrations. The results indicate that direct chemical determination of alcohol esters is necessary for accurate evaluation of silage fermentation characteristics, especially when silage quality or palatability is of concern.
CHANGES IN LACTIC AND ACETIC ACID, PH, DRY MATTER AND TEMPERATURE DURING AEROBIC DETERIORATION
Zielke, J., Korn, U., Pieper, B.
DOI: 10.11118/978-80-7701-093-1-0078
Oat whole crop silage was produced in glass jars with addition of homofermentative lactic acid bacteria, yeast and 1% or 2% of acetic acid. Jars were opened after and 49 days. On days 1 to 7 of exposure to air, lactic acid, acetic acid, pH and dry matter were measured daily. Temperature was measured continuously. The addition of acetic acid delayed aerobic spoilage. Dry matter, lactic acid and acetic acid decreased during aerobic deterioration, whereas temperature and pH increased. However, the rise in pH was delayed compared to the temperature rise. The drop in fermentation acid and dry matter can only be determined by destructive measures and are not suitable for routine spoilage control. Therefore, the rise in temperature remains a sensitive and early parameter for the detection of silage deterioration.
EFFECTS OF ARTEMISIA ARGYI ACTIVE MATTER ON THE AEROBIC STABILITY OF WHOLE-CROP CORN SILAGE
Wei, H., Yan, Y., Wang, J., Wang, X., Tan, Z., Wang, Y., ...
DOI: 10.11118/978-80-7701-093-1-0080
In this study, whole-crop corn was fermented by adding eudesmol, essential oil, flavanone, and their mixture (group M) extracted from Artemisia argyi (AA), with a blank group and a group treated with Lentilactobacillus buchneri (LB) serving as controls. After 90 days (d) of ensiling, samples were exposed to oxygen for 0, 1, 3, 5, and 7 d to analyze changes in fermentation quality, chemical composition, and microbial populations. The results indicated that after 90 d of ensiling, group M exhibited the lowest pH value (4.63), the highest contents of acetic acid (82.61 g/kg DM) and water-soluble carbohydrates (WSC, 26.44 g/kg DM). During the aerobic exposure period, group A had a significantly lower pH value than the control group (CK), while groups J, H, and M had higher WSC content than the CK. Group M, in particular, had the highest dry matter, crude protein and WSC content, the lowest ammonia nitrogen content, and a relatively lower abundance of harmful microorganisms. In summary, the addition of AA active components effectively suppressed microbial metabolism and improved the fermentation quality of silage, providing a theoretical basis for the development of new feed supplements and the enhanced utilization of traditional Chinese herbal medicine resources.
EFFECTS OF ARTEMISIA ARGYI ADDITION ON FERMENTATION QUALITY AND GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS OF CORN STOVER SILAGE
Wang, X., Yue, Z., Zhong, Z., Zhang, M., Tan, Z., Wang, Y., ...
DOI: 10.11118/978-80-7701-093-1-0082
Although silage can efficiently utilize forage, its fermentation process produces greenhouse gases, resulting in nutrient loss and environmental pollution. In this study, corn stover was used as the raw material and Artemisia argyi (AA) as an additive for mixed silage preparation, and the variations of microbial community, fermentation quality, chemical composition and greenhouse gas emissions during ensiling were analyzed. The results demonstrated that compared with the single corn stover silage, silage mixed with AA could enriched beneficial bacteria such as Lactiplantibacillus and inhibited harmful bacteria including Enterobacter, lowered the pH value, increased lactic acid content, and reduced emissions of greenhouse gas containing CO2, CH4, and N2O more than 65%. This study offers reference for additive development, straw silage optimization, and the realization of the carbon neutralization targets in animal husbandry.
EFFECTS OF LACTIPLANTIBACILLUS PLANTARUM AND PEDIOCOCCUS PENTOSACEUS ON THE FERMENTATION CHARACTERISTICS AND AEROBIC STABILITY OF GRASS/LEGUME SILAGE
Jatkauskas, J., Vrotniakiene, V., Roth, A.
DOI: 10.11118/978-80-7701-093-1-0084
This study evaluated the effect of an inoculant (containing Lactiplantibacillus plantarum and Pediococcus pentosaceus in combination with xylanase enzyme) on the chemical composition, fermentation characteristics, and aerobic stability of grass/legume silage. The experiment was conducted using an in vitro mini-silo system in accordance with DLG guidelines, with silages analyzed after 90 days of fermentation. Compared with the untreated control, inoculated silage showed significantly higher contents of dry matter (DM), DM corrected for volatiles (DMc), crude protein (CP), and water-soluble carbohydrates (WSC), as well as reduced overall DM losses during storage. The inoculant significantly improved fermentation quality, as indicated by lower pH values, higher total acid concentrations, and increased levels of individual organic acids, particularly lactic acid. In addition, concentrations of undesirable fermentation products, including ammonia-N, alcohols, and butyric acid, were significantly reduced. Microbiological analysis showed higher lactic acid bacteria counts and reduced populations of yeasts, moulds, and clostridia. During the aerobic stability test, inoculated silage maintained lower pH, lower weight losses, and reduced spoilage microorganisms, resulting in significantly longer aerobic stability. Overall, inoculant application improved fermentation efficiency, preserved nutrients, suppressed undesirable microorganisms, and enhanced the aerobic stability of grass/legume silage.
EFFICASY STUDY OF PRESERVATIVE CONTAINING PROPIONIc ACID, SODIUM BENZOATE AND SODIUM PROPIONATE (1A700) FOR CONTROLLING MOULDS IN DIFFERENT MOIST GRAINS
Milimonka, A., Petkute, E.
DOI: 10.11118/978-80-7701-093-1-0086
One of the principal challenges in preserving high-moisture grains is the extensive development of moulds, which significantly compromises storage stability. This study investigated the efficacy of the feed additive 1a700 containing propionic acid, sodium benzoate and sodium propionate (commercial product: KofaGrain pH5) in controlling mould growth in moist wheat, barley, and maize during extended storage. Wheat, barley, and maize obtained from commercial farms were adjusted to defined moisture levels and treated with different application rates of 1a700 and with water for a control. Treated and untreated grains were stored under controlled conditions at 25 °C and analysed after 6, 12, and up to 24 months of storage. Mould counts were determined according to VDLUFA methods at multiple storage intervals (VDLUFA, 2012). Untreated controls showed a strong, time-dependent increase in mould contamination, frequently exceeding 10⁶ CFU/g. In contrast, 1a700 significantly reduced mould development in all grain types and at all storage periods (p = 0.05). Higher application rates consistently resulted in greater mould reduction, demonstrating a clear dose–response effect. The results confirm that 1a700 is an effective preservative for improving the storage stability of moist grains under conditions unsuitable for long-term storage.
THE EFFECT OF PLASMA-ACTIVATED WATER TREATMENT ON THE FERMENTATION QUALITY OF WHEAT STRAW SILAGE
Yan, Y., Zhong, Z., Tan, Z., Wang, Y., Wang, E., Pang, H., ...
DOI: 10.11118/978-80-7701-093-1-0088
Plasma-activated water (PAW) is a novel green functional water rich in reactive oxygen and nitrogen, while with no residues, and it has been widely used in food preservation and other fields. This study apply PAW to the pretreatment of wheat straw ensiling to investigate its effect on silage. In the research, PAW-treated and untreated control groups were set up, and the fermentation quality, chemical composition and microbial population at different ensile stages were measured. The results showed that after ensiling, PAW treatment could improve fermentation characteristics of wheat straw silage, with promoting lactic acid accumulation, optimizing nutritional composition, and reducing crude fiber loss; it also regulated microbial population dynamics by inhibiting the proliferation of molds and spoilage bacteria, and drove the microbial community towards targeted succession by silage-functional bacteria such as lactobacilli. This study confirmed the significant effect of PAW in enhancing the quality of straw silage, providing a new technical pathway for the green innovation and upgrading of silage fermentation technology.
INFLUENCE OF LACTOBACILLUS PLANTARUM AND DANDELION ON FERMENTATION QUALITY, BIOACTIVE RETENTION AND MICROBIAL COMMUNITY OF MULBERRY LEAF SILAGE IN CHINA
Shahid, H., Khan, N., Weiguo, Z.
DOI: 10.11118/978-80-7701-093-1-0091
Mulberry leaves are recognized for their high crude protein content (18–25% DM) and excellent digestibility, making them a promising and sustainable feed resource for ruminants. However, their high moisture content and strong buffering capacity often impair proper silage fermentation. This study aimed to address these limitations by applying Lactobacillus plantarum (LP) inoculation and dandelion (D) supplementation, either individually or in combination (LP-D). It was hypothesized that these additives would enhance fermentation efficiency by lowering pH and increasing lactic acid production, while also promoting the preservation and enrichment of bioactive compounds, reducing anti-nutritional constituents, and stabilizing the microbial community during ensiling and subsequent aerobic exposure. The objective was to evaluate the effects of LP and D on the fermentation characteristics, bioactive compound retention, and microbial dynamics of mulberry-leaf silage after 30 and 45 days of ensiling followed by 4 days of aerobic exposure.
PRODUCTION AND FORAGE QUALITY OF GRASS STRAW
Hejduk, S., Vlk, D.
DOI: 10.11118/978-80-7701-093-1-0092
Data from the Czech Republic show that straw yields vary by species, ranging from about 2.0 to 12.1 t·ha⁻¹, with values comparable to hay. Grass straw is high in fibre (typically over 650 g·kg⁻¹ NDF) and low in crude protein (approximately 26–92 g·kg⁻¹ DM), with digestibility limited by lignin content.Despite this, it is a useful feed for ruminants and horses, mainly as a source of structural fibre that supports rumen function. Compared to cereal straw, it generally has higher nutritional value and represents a practical feed resource and additional income for producers.
IMPACT OF AN OXYGEN BARRIER FILM ON THE PRESERVATION AND PREDICTED FEEDING VALUE OF WHOLE-PLANT CORN SILAGE
Amaro, F. X., Wigley, S.
DOI: 10.11118/978-80-7701-093-1-0094
This study evaluated the effects of a high-performance oxygen barrier (oxygen transmission rate < 0.4 cm³/m²/24 h; DIN 53380-3) on nutritive value, and estimated milk production of whole-plant corn silage produced on a commercial dairy farm in Brazil. Corn was harvested in early February (DM, CP, NDF, ADF, starch and ash concentrations; 349, 82.9, 407, 224, 271 and 41.3 g kg-1, respectively) and ensiled in two bunker silos (60 × 12 × 1.8 m; length × width × height), which were sealed using a standard polyethylene (PE) and an oxygen barrier (OB) + PE cover. Samples were collected at 64, 103, 164, and 178 days after ensiling from three locations on the silo face: 25 cm below the surface under each cover type and from the center of the silo at 100 cm from the floor. Samples were analyzed for chemical composition, and the estimated milk yield/ton of silage was calculated. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS. Silage sealed with the OB showed greater dry matter and starch concentrations and lower fiber fractions (neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, and lignin) compared with PE-sealed silage (P < 0.05). Furthermore, predicted milk production, estimated using the Milk2006 and Milk2024 models, was greater for OB than for PE silages (1641.4 vs. 1598.3 kg/ton and 1589 vs. 1543 kg/ton; P < 0.05). These results demonstrate that the use of a high-performance oxygen barrier improves preservation of whole-plant corn silage nutritive value and enhances predicted milk yield per ton of silage.
ENSILING WITH A NOVEL LENTILACTOBACILLUS BUCHNERI SUBSP. SILAGEI STRAIN 30673 ENHANCES AEROBIC STABILITY OF MAIZE SILAGE THROUGH YEAST SUPPRESSION
Borkowska, A., Jones, P. B., Smith, P., Leggett, M.
DOI: 10.11118/978-80-7701-093-1-0096
Maize silage is susceptible to aerobic spoilage during feed-out due to its high starch and residual sugar content leading to DM and feed quality losses. Heterofermentative lactic acid bacteria can be employed to improve silage stability during air exposure. This study evaluated the effects of a novel Lentilactobacillus buchneri subsp. silagei strain NCIMB 30673, on fermentation characteristics and aerobic stability of maize silage. Whole-crop maize at 37% DM was ensiled either untreated or inoculated at 1.0 × 10⁵ CFU/g and stored for 28 or 99 days. At 28 days, both treatments achieved stable pH. The inoculated silage showed enhanced fermentation with higher lactic and acetic acid concentrations however both treatments exhibited high yeast levels, resulting in lower aerobic stability. After 99 days, treated silage exhibited a more pronounced impact on fermentation, characterised by increased acetic acid concentration, reduced yeast populations, and significantly improved aerobic stability compared with the control. These results demonstrate that L. buchneri subsp. silagei NCIMB 30673 effectively enhances aerobic stability of whole plant maize silage through yeast suppression, making it a promising candidate as silage inoculant.
THE EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT TREATMENTS ON FERMENTATION QUALITY AND GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS OF ENSILED WHEAT STRAW
Wang, J., Zhong, Z., Zhang, M., Tan, Z., Wang, Y., Wang, E., ...
DOI: 10.11118/978-80-7701-093-1-0098
Wheat straw, a globally abundant agricultural by-product, faces challenges in ensiling and feed utilization due to its low moisture and carbohydrate content. To address this, in this research, a microbial-enzyme synergistic system was developed using Lactiplantibacillus (L.) strains ZA3 and FG1 (commercial strain) with cellulase to enhance the feed quality and aerobic stability of wheat straw silage. Results showed that all treatments improved fermentation quality over the control, with lower pH value, ammonia nitrogen content and harmful microbes counts, higher lactic acid bacteria counts and lactic acid content, and Lactobacillus and Weissella dominating throughout ensiling and aerobic exposure stages. Among which, L. plantarum subsp. plantarum ZA3 treated group performed best. Morover, these treatments also reduced emission of greenhouse gas including CO2, CH4 and N2O. Aerobic exposure tests also confirmed that added LAB can significantly extended feed preservation. This study provides theoretical and technical support for utilizing wheat straw as silage feed.
STRATEGIES FOR PRODUCTION OF ALFALFA SILAGE
Pieper, B., Zielke, J., Pieper, L.
DOI: 10.11118/978-80-7701-093-1-0100
Production of high-quality alfalfa silage is challenging due to the crop’s high buffering capacity and low sugar content, which hinder effective fermentation. While organic acids like formic acid reduce pH, they sometimes fail to ensure long-term microbiological stability, risking late spoilage. Homofermentative lactic acid bacteria (LAB) lower pH only until sugars are depleted, potentially leaving silage unstable. Combining homofermentative LAB with molasses or buffered formic acid improves silage stability and quality. Practical dosing equipment enables on-farm application of these additive combinations.
EFFECTS OF ADDITIVES AND MOISTURE LEVEL ON CRIMPED ENSILED FABA BEAN COMPOSITION AND DEGRADATION OF ANTINUTRITIONAL FACTORS
Rinne, M., Franco, M., Halmemies-Beauchet-Filleau, A., Ayanfe, N., Sanni, O., Stefański,T., ...
DOI: 10.11118/978-80-7701-093-1-0104
Wider use of crimping and ensiling as a preservation method of grain legume seeds could increase local production of protein feeds and improve the resilience of European livestock production. This experiment evaluated the effects of moisture level and formic acid addition on fermentation quality and vicine & convicine degradation of crimped ensiled faba beans. In addition, a by-product from grass protein extraction, grass whey or brown juice, was used as a novel component to improve fermentation by adding moisture and nutrients to the faba beans. All samples showed good preservation quality with limited protein breakdown and no presence of butyric acid. Higher moisture content promoted lactic acid production and decreased pH of the samples. On average 60% of the original vicine & convicine was degraded during ensiling indicating that the preservation method can be used to improve the feeding value. Use of grass whey showed potential as a feed component included in crimped ensiled seeds that can promote fermentation and recycle the nutrients in the whey back to the food chain.
EFFECT OF DIETARY N-BUTYRIC AND ACETIC ACIDS ON THE FEED INTAKE AND MILK QUALITY OF DAIRY COWS
Zoz, K., Bragatto, J., Roco, P., Pinto, R., Santos, M., Zapponi, G., ...
DOI: 10.11118/978-80-7701-093-1-0106
The aim of this study was to examine the effects of n-butyric and acetic acids on feed intake and milk quality of dairy cows. Adding 10.0 g/kg of n-butyric acid or 16.5 g/kg of acetic acid to TMR (DM basis) decreased the first meal duration, but did not affect total eating time, DMI, and performance of late lactating dairy cows.
THE EFFECT OF FEEDING POOR-QUALITY SILAGE ON RUMEN FERMENTATION PROCESSES, METABOLIC PROFILE, AND HEALTH STATUS OF DAIRY COWS
Illek, J., Kumprecht, D., Filípek, J., Staffa, A., Kadek, R., Páleník , T., ...
DOI: 10.11118/978-80-7701-093-1-0108
Nutrition of dairy cows is considered the most important environmental factor determining milk production, fertility, animal health, and enabling the realization of the genetic potential of both individuals and the entire herd. Silages form the basic component of dairy cow rations. Their quality determines the nutritional value and palatability of the diet and thus the total dry matter intake. High-quality maize silage has a high energy value, is well accepted by animals, and stabilizes fermentation processes in the rumen. In most dairy herds, it forms the basis of total mixed rations (TMR) throughout the year and is an important energy source during early and peak lactation. It influences milk yield and quality, animal health, and fertility. In combination with conserved protein forages and concentrate feeds, it creates optimal conditions for formulating TMRs with a high nutrient concentration required for high-producing dairy cows, while maintaining appropriate dietary effects and minimizing digestive disorders.
RECLAMATION OF ARABLE LAND DEGRADED BY GRAVEL MINING BY COMPLEX OF COMPOSTING MICROORGANISMS TO RECOVERY FORAGE PRODUCTION
Bobček, R., Polláková, N., Allain, E.
DOI: 10.11118/978-80-7701-093-1-0110
The aim of the work was to reclaim the degraded area using waste sludge obtained from washing excavated gravel and long-term stored (and therefore biologically minimally active) topsoil treated with compost activated by Bacteriolite. In this way, we aimed to return the anthropogenically physically degraded area to a productive state so that, after reclamation, the land (Anthrozem) would achieve a production capacity similar to the arable Fluvisol on the adjacent control plot, with the potential to apply this reclamation method to other degraded locations if successful. Results showed that after one year of remediation, the total carbon content in Anthrozem increased only slightly but significantly; therefore, it is necessary to continue biological measures to increase the organic matter content in the soil. Maize, sown in the area a year after reclamation, achieved a grain yield of 5.1 t ha⁻¹, which nearly reached the three-year average yield in Slovakia for 2022–2024 (6.5 t ha⁻¹).
CHEMICAL AND MICROBIAL QUALITY OF ALFALFA AND RED CLOVER MIXTURE SILAGES DEPENDING ON THE SHARE IN THE MIXTURE AND ADDITIVES
Lazarević, Đ., Đorđević, N., Stevović, V., Tomić, D., Anđelković, S., Marković, J., ...
DOI: 10.11118/978-80-7701-093-1-0114
This research was conducted to study the influence of ensiled alfalfa and red clover mixtures, mixed at different ratios, as well as the effect of additives – two doses of oak tannin extract and bacterial inoculant on the basic chemical composition and the number of different microorganisms of the silages. With increasing the share of red clover in mixture, there was a significant reduction in proteolysis. Treatments with 50 and 75% red clover had the highest number of lactic acid bacteria and the lowest number of total bacteria. When tannins and LAB inoculants were added, a significant reduction in the level of proteolysis was also observed, which compared to the control treatment was up to 25%.
CITRIC AND FORMIC ACID FOR STABILIZATION OF TOTAL MIXED RATIONS
Loučka, R., Jambor, V., Synková, H., Homolka, F., Jančík, F., Kubelková, P.
DOI: 10.11118/978-80-7701-093-1-0116
Total mixed rations (TMR) are exposed to aerobic deterioration after mixing, critically accelerated by elevated temperatures. This study evaluates the efficacy of CitroFor stabilizer (citric and formic acid, 95:5 diluted 1:4 with water) across three TMR types (dry cows, lactating cows, post-partum cows) at two temperatures (20 and 30 degrees C) using continuous temperature monitoring (84 h, n = 3). The dry cow TMR showed the highest benefit: at 30 degrees C, CitroFor at 4 l/t fresh matter (FM) reduced the temperature increase from +12.5 to +7.7 degrees C (38%), with a statistically significant ANOVA result (F = 6.39; p = 0.033) and complete elimination of mould and yeast. For lactating cow TMR, even 4 l/t was insufficient to prevent mould and yeast growth. The 2 l/t dose was counterproductive for post-partum TMR (critical time shortened by 10%). Results highlight a fundamental interaction between TMR type, stabilizer dose and temperature regime with practical implications for seasonal feeding management.
COMPARISON OF THE EFFECT OF SILAGE ADDITIVES ON THE FERMENTATION PROCESS OF THE LATTE SORGHUM VARIETY IN SINGLE-CUT USE
Mrkvicová, E., Křížová, L., Doležal, P., Novotný, J., Hronová, L., Friessová, D., ...
DOI: 10.11118/978-80-7701-093-1-0118
Sorghum of the LATTE variety was harvested at the milky-wax maturity stage, with an average dry matter of 26% for minisilage production. Using a silage hydraulic press, the mass was pressed into tubes (diameter 160 mm, length 65 cm), weighed, and closed with a rubber lid equipped with a gas outlet valve. Sorghum forage was preserved with various additives: control without additives (C), organic acid-based additives (OA), and acid salt-based additives (AS), with each variant replicated 6 times. After 5 months of fermentation, the minisilos were opened, and silage samples were analyzed. The highest pH was found in OA (4.09) and was higher than in AS (3.86) and C (3.9, P<0.05). The acidity of the aqueous extract was lowest in OA (703 mg KOH) compared to C (1301 mg KOH) and AS (1462 mg KOH) (P<0.05). Compared to C silages, OA and AS silages had significantly (P<0.05) higher contents of all silage acids (85.3, 87.3, and 64 g/kg DM) and especially acetic acid (25.9, 29.1, and 16.6 g/kg DM in OA, AS, and C silages, respectively). In addition, OA silages had significantly higher propionic acid content (2.71 g/kg DM). The higher content of silage acids in silages with additives not only improved their quality but also increased their stability under aerobic conditions.
DYNAMIC CHANGES IN STRUCTURAL CARBOHYDRATE COMPONENTS DURING THE ENSILING OF SWEET SORGHUM
Sun, Z., Han, S., Xu, R., Zhang, Y., Luo, H., Yu, Z.
DOI: 10.11118/978-80-7701-093-1-0120
Sweet sorghum can be used to produce a substantial quantity of biofuel due to its high biological yield and high carbohydrate content. In this study, we investigated the dynamic changes in fermentation characteristics, carbohydrate components, and the bacterial community during the ensiling of wilted and unwilted sweet sorghum. The results revealed a rapid fermentation pattern and high-quality fermentation quality in wilted and unwilted sweet sorghum, wherein lactic acid, and acetic acid accumulated and stabilized during the initial 9 days of ensiling, with the pH values less than 4.2, until 60 days of ensiling. We found that the ensiling of sweet sorghum involved the degradation (5%~10%) of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and hemicellulose and that the degradation of NDF fit a first-order exponential decay model. A shift in dominance from Lactococcus to Lactobacillus occurred before the first 9 days of ensiling, and the abundance of Lactobacillus (r=-0.68, P<0.001) was negatively correlated with the NDF content. The relative abundances of Lactobacillus in wilted and unwilted sweet sorghum after ensiling for 60 days were 76.30% and 93.49%, respectively, and relatively high fermentation quality was obtained. In summary, ensiling is proposed as a biological pretreatment for sweet sorghum for subsequent biofuel production, and unlike other materials, sweet sorghum quickly achieves good fermentation quality and has great potential for bioresource production.
EFFECT OF PHYSICAL STRUCTURE AND ADDITIVE APPLICATION ON MYCOTOXIN CONTAMINATION OF MAIZE SILAGE
Juráček, M., Džima, M., Bíro, D., Doležal, P., Šimko, M., Gálik, B., ...
DOI: 10.11118/978-80-7701-093-1-0122
The aim of this study was to assess whether chop length and silage additives affect mycotoxin contamination in maize silage. Maize harvested at the milk wax stage was ensiled with urea, a lactic acid bacteria inoculant, or their combination, particle size was evaluated using the Penn State Particle Separator, and six mycotoxins were quantified by HPLC-MS/MS (88% dry matter basis). Deoxynivalenol and fumonisins were the predominant mycotoxins, HT-2 toxin occurred only in the untreated control, and urea alone or with inoculant reduced deoxynivalenol and prevented HT-2 toxin while chop length had no statistically significant effect on mycotoxin contamination.
ENDOGENOUS LACTOCOCCUS LACTIS AND ENTEROCOCCUS FAECIUM IMPROVE THE SILAGE QUALITY AND AEROBIC STABILITY OF CYPERUS ESCULENTUS STEM AND LEAF
Zhang, Y., Yang, Y., Jia, S., Li, S., Wang, X., Ma, C.
DOI: 10.11118/978-80-7701-093-1-0124
This study aimed to investigate the effect of dominant endogenous lactic acid bacteria isolated from natural Cyperus esculentus stems and leaves silage on the quality of the silage and to provide a basis for improving the quality of Cyperus esculentus stems and leaves silage in South Xinjiang. Five treatment groups were established in this experiment: CK (control group), PA (adding 5 × 107 CFU/g FM Enterococcus faecium), EF (adding 5 × 107 CFU/g FM Pediococcus lactis), LP (adding 5 × 107 CFU/g FM Lactiplantibacillus plantarum Lactobacillus plantarumas), and PE (adding 5 × 107 CFU/g FM Pediococcus lactis+Enterococcus faecium,1:1). Each treatment was performed in three replicates. After 60 days of fermentation, sensory evaluation was performed to detect nutritional components, fermentation indicators, microbial content, and aerobic stability time. At 3d, 7d, 15d, 30d and 60d of fermentation, the water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC) content in PE group was significantly higher than that in CK group. The pH value and ammonia nitrogen content (NH3-N) of all treatment groups were significantly lower than those of the CK group at 3d, 7d, 15d, 30d and 60d of fermentation. The number of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in the PE, PA, and EF groups was significantly higher than that in the CK group (P
FORAGE PRODUCTION FROM REWETTED PEAT GRASSLAND
Mačuhová, J., Thurner, S.
DOI: 10.11118/978-80-7701-093-1-0134
The rewetting of agriculturally used peat grasslands is expected to reduce or prevent greenhouse gas emissions. However, its effects on forage quality and yield remain unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the potential nutritive quality of vegetation from the rewetted part of one plot (plot of interest). In addition, vegetation from an adjacent non-rewetted plot was sampled as a control. Vegetation samples were collected from up to three fixed sampling areas shortly before each planned cut. In recent years, both plots were managed extensively, with up to two cuts per year on the rewetted plot and up to three cuts per year on the control plot. The collected material was dried at 40 °C in a drying box to hay dry matter content and subsequently subjected to extended Weender analysis. Results indicate that vegetation from the rewetted part of the plot of interest provided acceptable nutritive quality for the intended animal categories, with values comparable to those of the control plot. However, determining an appropriate cutting date is already challenging on grassland on mineral soils and becomes even more difficult on rewetted peatlands. Moreover, even when mowing is possible, harvesting the cut biomass is not always feasible.
INHIBITION OF CLOSTRIDIA GROWTH BY LACTIPLANTIBACILLUS PLANTARUM AND LACTOCOCCUS LACTIS
Schein, H.1, Buchebner-Jance, M., Töglhofer, M.1, Weidenholzer, E.
DOI: 10.11118/978-80-7701-093-1-0136
Clostridia are undesirable microorganisms in silage, particularly in low dry matter forage, where their growth can impair silage quality and animal performance. This study screened more than 200 lactic acid bacteria for their ability to inhibit clostridia. Two newly isolated strains, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum DSM 34271 and Lactococcus lactis DSM 34262, showed clear inhibitory effects against Clostridium tyrobutyricum in agar diffusion assays. Based on these results, both strains were evaluated as silage inoculants in three slightly wilted grass materials. Compared with untreated controls, inoculated silages exhibited significantly lower pH values, increased lactic acid concentrations, reduced butyric acid formation and lower weight losses after 90 days of storage. These findings indicate improved fermentation quality and suggest effective suppression of clostridial activity by the selected strains.
INVOLVEMENT OF 4-PENTENOIC ACID IN CAUSING QUALITY DETERIORATION OF NETTLE SILAGE: STUDY OF ANTIBACTERIAL MECHANISM
Huang, R., Zhang, F., Wang, X., Ma, C.
DOI: 10.11118/978-80-7701-093-1-0138
Ensiling legumes such as alfalfa presents challenges because of their high buffer capacity and protein content, as well as their low levels of water-soluble carbohydrates (WSCs), especially for nettle (Zhang et al., 2010). Recently, researchers showed that inoculation with Pediococcus sp. can improve the quality of legume silage by increasing lactic acid (LA) production and reducing pH levels (Kuppusamy et al., 2020). The relative abundance of spherical LAB, such as Pediococcus spp., remains stable in nettle silage (Huang et al., 2023). However, various substances, including condensed tannins and flavonoids, can inhibit Pediococcus sp. activity during ensiling or under specific conditions (Bae et al., 2023). We investigated whether Pediococcus sp. can influence fermentation characteristics or overcome these challenges in nettle silage.
IT IS POSSIBLE TO ENSILE AMARANTH (A. HYPOCHONDRIACUS) PLANTS GROWN IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE CZECH REPUBLIC?
Kubelková, P., Jančík, F., Loučka, R., Homolka, P.
DOI: 10.11118/978-80-7701-093-1-0140
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of growth phase of Amaranthus hypochondriacus on chemical composition and digestibility of green plants. Plants were collected during the growing season according to the days since sowing. Amaranth plants show decent dry matter degradation after 24 hours in the rumen (in sacco method), from 70 to 84.0%. The NDF content in the plant increased during vegetation; the nitrogenous substance content ranged from 6.1 to 8.5% and starch content from 2.9 to 9.4% in dry matter. + Amaranth plants show decent dry matter degradation after 24 hours in the rumen (in sacco method), from 70 to 84.0%.
PREPARATION AND FERMENTATION OF MIXED SILAGE OF COTTON STALK AND CORN STOVER
Gao, M., Zhang, M., Pang, H., Tan, Z., Cai, Y.
DOI: 10.11118/978-80-7701-093-1-0142
Cotton is a globally economic crop with an enormous yield of cotton stalk, which are usually difficult to prepare high-quality silage alone. To explore the high-value utilization approach of cotton stalk, this experiment designed corn stover silage mixed with cotton stalk at ratios of 0%, 10%, 25%, 50% and 100%. The inoculant Lactiplantibacillus plantarum and cellulase were added for silage preparation. The results showed that corn stover silage was good fermentation quality with pH below 4.0 and lactic acid content higher than 3% of fresh matter, while the cotton stalk silage was poor quality. With the increase in the mixing ratio of cotton stalk, the pH of the silage increased and the lactic acid content decreased. The fermentation quality was lower significantly (P < 0.05) when the mixing ratio of cotton stalk exceeded 25%. The combined addition of lactic acid bacteria and cellulase shows a bacteria-enzyme synergistic effect, improving the fermentation quality of mixed silage.
REDUCING DRY MATTER LOSSES AND EMISSIONS IN MAIZE SILAGE AND BIOGAS SYSTEMS USING A SILAGE ADDITIVE CONTAINING L. DIOLIVORANS
Witt, J., Lara, C., Kramer, E., Sprafke, J., Bezama, A., Nelles, M., ...
DOI: 10.11118/978-80-7701-093-1-0144
Silage additives are widely used to improve maize silage quality, yet their effects on the carbon footprint (CF) of silage production and biogas systems remain rarely studied. This study evaluated a biological silage additive containing homo‑ and heterofermentative lactic acid bacteria and assessed its impact on silage quality, dry matter (DM) losses during anaerobic and aerobic storage, biogas and methane yield, and the CF of maize‑to‑electricity generation. Maize silage prepared with (TM) and without silage additive (UM) was stored for 112 days and monitored during nine weeks of aerobic exposure. TM showed improved fermentation, higher acetic acid concentrations, strong suppression of yeasts and molds, markedly enhanced aerobic stability (72 h → 223 h), and substantially lower DM losses (21.5% → 5.21%). Biogas and methane yields increased by 5.9% and 6.8%, respectively. Using Global Warming Potential over a 100 year time horizon (GWP100), TM reduced the CF by 13.3% at the ensiling stage and by 6.9% at electricity generation stage compared to UM. Overall, the additive improved preservation efficiency and methane recovery, lowering the climate impact of maize‑based biogas systems primarily by reducing losses rather than altering emission processes, although biogenic CO₂ emissions were not considered. exposure and reduced yeast and mold counts (p < 0.01).
SUMMER CATCH CROPS FOR FORAGE CONSERVATION
Martens, S. D., Steinhöfel, O.
DOI: 10.11118/978-80-7701-093-1-0146
A range of dicot and monocot summer catch crops were grown on a small scale with the aim to test their ensilability. They were harvested in autumn and ensiled directly without wilting, in part with straw. After three months of anaerobic storage their fermentation quality and aerobic stability were determined. The average fermentation coefficient was reasonably high, while the aerobic stability without straw was rather low. The dry matter content < 200 g/kg of most dicots requires an absorbent to prevent silage effluent in practice.
THE EFFECT OF DIFFERENT DRY MATTER CONTENT ON THE FERMENTATION PROCESS AND AEROBIC STABILITY OF ALFALFA SILAGE
Doležal, P., Hendrychová, K., Jambor, V., Juráček M., Šimko, M., Havlíček Z., ...
DOI: 10.11118/978-80-7701-093-1-0148
The aim of this study was to determine the effect of different dry matter contents of ensiled alfalfa on fermentation quality and the resulting aerobic stability. Alfalfa was ensiled in PE bags and treated with an additive containing a lactic acid bacteria inoculant and an aromatic salt. The quality of the fermentation process was assessed by determining the fermentation products and nutritive value according to Commission Regulation (EU) 771/2024. Aerobic stability was assessed by continuous temperature measurement in a measuring device. The critical temperature for the onset of aerobic instability was defined as the point at which the silage temperature increased by more than 3 °C. It was found that increasing dry matter content, the production of all fermentable acids, including lactic acid, decreased, and protein degradation (%degree of proteolysis) decreased. The aerobic stability of the tested operational alfalfa silages lasted 125-135 hours from air exposure. It has been confirmed that high-quality primary fermentation (Quality class II) is only one of the factors influencing the resulting aerobic stability, which adds to the complexity of this issue.
FOAM FOR COVERING SILAGE: OPPORTUNITIES AND LIMITATIONS
Knicky, M., Melin, P.
DOI: 10.11118/978-80-7701-093-1-0150
Conventional covering of bunker silos relies on plastic films to maintain anaerobic conditions during ensiling. This method is labour‑intensive and generates substantial plastic waste. A foam‑based sealing method developed at TFZ research centrum in Germany has been proposed as an environmentally friendly alternative. The foam is biodegradable, feed‑safe, and potentially applicable both immediately after silo filling and during feed‑out. This study evaluated the foam’s functional performance under laboratory condition, focusing on sealing ability, required thickness, fermentation outcomes and aerobic stability. Laboratory glass silos and simulated feed‑out tubes were used. Results show that foam thickness strongly affects mould exclusion, which reduced fermentation efficiency and resulted in higher losses compared with air‑tight controls. During feed‑out simulation trail, foam reduced aerobic spoilage and weight losses. Study suffered from practical limitations in form of missing application device. Proper application appears critical, especially regarding uniform thickness. Further technological development is required before practical implementation.
TRADE-OFF BETWEEN FERMENTATION QUALITY AND AEROBIC STABILITY OF ALFALFA SILAGE
Kubelková, P., Loučka, R., Jančík, F., Homolka, P.
DOI: 10.11118/978-80-7701-093-1-0152
Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) is difficult to ensile due to high crude protein content (192 g/kg DM) and associated buffering capacity. A 4x2 factorial experiment (51-day continuous temperature monitoring) tested four preservation treatments (untreated control, enzymatic inoculant with hydrolytic enzymes, control inoculant without enzymes, formic acid) at 20 degrees C and 30 degrees C in three replicates. The enzymatic inoculant produced the most pronounced thermal response (+0.76 degrees C at 30 degrees C; Cohen’s d = 0.240) and the optimal fermentation profile (LA:VFA ratio 3.46 at 30 degrees C; VFA 2.50% DM), but exhibited the lowest aerobic stability at elevated temperature (31 h vs. 93 h for formic acid). Formic acid demonstrated minimal and temperature-independent dry matter losses (0.32-0.54%) with excellent aerobic stability across both temperature regimes. Significant treatment x temperature interactions were identified for VFA (F = 794.32; p < 0.001) and DM losses (F = 50.57; p < 0.001). The study reveals a fundamental trade-off between fermentation quality and aerobic stability with practical implications for seasonal optimization of alfalfa silage conservation.
TRADE-OFF BETWEEN FERMENTATION QUALITY AND AEROBIC STABILITY OF CORN SILAGE
Loučka, R., Homolka, P., Jančík, F., Koukolová, V., Kubelková, P.
DOI: 10.11118/978-80-7701-093-1-0154
Aerobic stability (AS) temperature exerts a highly significant effect on corn silage quality, with practical consequences for feed management under warming climate conditions. A complete 3×2×2 factorial experiment tested three treatments (untreated control, Formasil® Maize Propio containing L. buchneri and propionic acid, homofermentative L. plantarum inoculant) at two fermentation temperatures (20 °C, 30 °C) followed by aerobic exposure at 20 °C and 30 °C. Twenty-three samples were analyzed after 40-day fermentation. AS at 20 °C preserved 12.7% higher NEL (6.85 vs. 6.08 MJ/kg DM; p < 0.001), 62.5% more lactic acid (3.60 vs. 2.21% DM; p < 0.001), and lower pH (4.03 vs. 4.32; p = 0.002). Formasil produced the highest acetic acid content (avg. 1.35% DM; p = 0.024) and achieved best performance at 20 °C AS (NEL 7.02 MJ/kg DM, DM losses 2.96%). L. plantarum showed the highest LA/VFA ratio (4.61; p = 0.006), indicating homofermentative pathway dominance. No butyric acid was detected in any sample. A fundamental trade-off exists between fermentation pathway optimization and temperature-dependent aerobic stability, requiring climate-specific additive selection strategies.
YEAST SUPPRESSION AND ENHANCED AEROBIC STABILITY IN GRASS SILAGE INOCULATED WITH LENTILACTOBACILLUS BUCHNERI SUBSP. SILAGEI NCIMB 30673
Kerley, A., Borkowska, A., Jones, P. B., Smith, P., Leggett, M. J.
DOI: 10.11118/978-80-7701-093-1-0156
Heterofermentative lactic acid bacteria (LAB) inoculants are used to enhance silage aerobic stability by increasing acetic acid production, which inhibits yeasts and moulds. Lentilactobacillus buchneri is widely used in such products, but strain-specific effects and the speed at which they provide effective protection remain poorly defined. This study evaluated a novel candidate inoculant, L. buchneri subsp. silagei strain NCIMB 30673, for its ability to improve the early aerobic stability of grass silage. Grass (33% DM) was chopped and ensiled in triplicate 1.8 L silos for 30 or 92 days, either left untreated or inoculated with L. buchneri silagei at 1.0 × 10⁵ CFU/g fresh forage. At opening, silages were analysed for microbial counts, pH, fermentation products, and aerobic stability. Data were analysed by linear models with the interaction between time and treatment as a fixed effects, followed by emmeans pairwise comparisons at each time point (p ≤ 0.05). At 30 days, inoculation with the L. buchneri significantly reduced yeast populations compared with the untreated control (3.16 log₁₀ CFU/g reduction, p < 0.001). The L. buchneri substantially increased acetic acid and 1,2propanediol concentrations relative to untreated silage (day 30, both p < 0.001), indicating rapid activity within as little as 30 days. Aerobic stability measurements suggested that inoculated silage opened at day 30 remained stable for >11 days, whereas untreated silage deteriorated earlier (3 days). By day 92, both treatments had similar yeast and acetic acid levels, likely due to naturally occurring heterofermentative bacteria present in the untreated silage. The new L. buchneri subsp. silagei strain NCIMB 30673 rapidly enhanced acetic acid and 1,2-propanediol production in grass silage and substantially reduced yeast populations by day 30 post-ensiling, indicating strong antifungal activity. These findings suggest that NCIMB 30673 is a promising candidate silage inoculant to improve aerobic stability and control spoilage yeasts, even after short ensiling...
IMPACT OF ENSILING TIMING AND INOCULANT USE ON FERMENTATION DYNAMICS AND AEROBIC STABILITY IN WHOLE-PLANT MAIZE SILAGE
Vrotniakiene, V., Jatkauskas, J., Camargo Do Amaral, R., Lybek Witt, K., Cappellozza, B. L., Eisner, I.
DOI: 10.11118/978-80-7701-093-1-0158
Atypical ensiling conditions, such as delayed ensiling and inadequate sealing, frequently occur in practice and may impair silage quality. This study evaluated the effects of a 24 h delay before ensiling, sealing conditions during the delay, and inoculation with Lentilactobacillus buchneri and Lactococcus lactis on maize silage quality. Whole-plant maize (Zea mays L.; 36% dry matter) was ensiled for 60 days in 3.0 L laboratory containers with or without a commercial inoculant. Forage was ensiled immediately or after a 24 h delay, during which it was either covered or uncovered. Treatments were replicated five times, Delayed ensiling significantly impaired fermentation, increased dry matter losses, and reduced aerobic stability and hygienic quality (p < 0.01). Inoculation reduced temperature rise during the delay (by 8.1–8.2 °C; p < 0.01), lowered silage pH, decreased ammonia-N, alcohols, and butyric acid, and increased lactic and acetic acid concentrations (p < 0.01). Inoculated silages also showed lower dry matter losses during fermentation and aerobic exposure and reduced yeast and mold counts (p < 0.01). Minimizing aerobic exposure and using LAB-based inoculants can mitigate the negative effects of delayed ensiling.
EFFECTS OF ADDING SUGARCANE MOLASSES TO GRASSES FROM STADIUM TURFS AND AGRI-PARKS ON SILAGE FERMENTATION
Nkosi, B. D., Langa, T., Mpanza, T., Kedibone, C., Mamabolo, J.
DOI: 10.11118/978-80-7701-093-1-0160
Batches of freshly mowed grasses for 1. Cenchrus clandestnus mixed with perennial ryegrass, collected from a stadium in Limpopo Province, 2. Panicum maximum, collected from agri-park in Kwa Zulu Natal (KZN), 3. Cenchrus clandestnus, collected from a stadium in the Gauteng Province (GP), 4. Dactylis glumerata, collected from an agri-park in Mpumalanga Province (MP), and 5. a mixture of Digitaria eriantha and Cenchrus clandestnus, collected from a stadium in the North West (NW) province of South Africa. The mowed grass was mixed with sugarcane molasses at 5% and ensiled in 210 L drums for 60 days. Mixing the grass with sugarcane molasses improved (P<0.05) the sugar content of the grass but the terminal pH of the silage was high in most of the silages except for the mixture of Cenchrus clandestnus and perennial ryegrass that had lower (P < 0.05) that resulted in increased lactic acid production. Silage can be produced from grass that are collected from stadiums with the aid of sugarcane molasses, but care should be taken not to ensile grass that was treated with pesticides
ACCURACY OF THE PREDICTION OF THE FEED VALUE OF UNDRIED GRASS AND MAIZE SILAGES BY A HANDHELD NIRS DEVICE
Ataollah, F., Martens, S. D., Richardt, W., Steinhöfel, O., Zeyner, A.
DOI: 10.11118/978-80-7701-093-1-0162
Mobile NIRS devices are increasingly available for various applications. Their use for prompt feed ration adaptation seems attractive. Thus one model was tested for its reliability in terms of the prediction of feed value parameters of moist silages. Dry matter content turned out to be the best predictable parameter.
CORRELATION BETWEEN CRUDE NUTRIENTS IN FRESH GRASS AND PROPYLENE GLYCOL CONCENTRATIONS IN GRASS SILAGE TREATED WITH A MIXTURE OF HOMO- AND HETEROFERMENTATIVE LACTIC ACID BACTERIA
Lau, N., Kramer, E., Hummel, J., Hünerberg, M.
DOI: 10.11118/978-80-7701-093-1-0164
Various strains of homo- and heterofermentative lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are used as silage inoculants. Homofermentative LAB convert water-soluble carbohydrates (WSC) into lactic acid, while heterofermentative LAB convert WSC into lactic and acetic acid. Some LAB strains (e.g. Lentilactobacillus buchneri) also produce alcohols such as propylene glycol (PG). In dairy cattle, PG is frequently used as glucogenic feed additive, to prevent ketosis at the onset of lactation. Even though high concentrations of PG in silages have been reported (up to 40 g/kg DM; Driehuis et al., 2001; Nishino et al., 2003), relatively little is known about compositional traits of grass, contributing to high PG yields. Therefore, this study was designed to identify compositional traits of grass that were associated with particularly high yields of PG in silages, inoculated with a mixture of homo- (Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus) and heterofermentative (Lentilactobacillus buchneri) LAB.
DATABASE FOR SILAGE ADDITIVES SELECTION
Loučka, R., Homolka, P., Jančík, F., Koukolová, V., Kubelková, P.
DOI: 10.11118/978-80-7701-093-1-0166
Selection of optimal silage additives is critical for conservation quality. With 144 products on the Czech market, VÚŽV has maintained additive records since 1989 and developed an AI-assisted decision support system. The 2026 database includes 81 biological (56.3%), 55 chemical (38.2%), and 8 combined additives (5.5%), a net reduction of 8 products vs. 2025. Biological additives divide into homofermentative (34 products, 42.0%), heterofermentative (7, 8.6%), and combined (40, 49.4%). Multi-strain formulations dominate (49.4% contain ≥ 3 cultures; max. 6 strains) and 20% include enzymes (xylanase up to 716,810 nkat/g). Chemical additives are led by propionic acid (58%) and formic acid (47%); only 27% declare precise composition and 5% reach active ingredient concentrations >90%. The web application Selection of Silage Additives (www.vuzv.cz) provides AI-based personalised recommendations, application guidance, and ROI quantification via an Economic Efficiency Calculator. The database is updated within project AISilageFeeding (NAZV QL26010434).
EVALUATION OF NIRS-ESTIMATION FOR ENZYME-SOLUBLE ORGANIC MATTER (ESOM) IN GRASS SILAGES COMPARED TO THE CELLULASE REFERENCE METHOD
Resch, R., Häusler, M.
DOI: 10.11118/978-80-7701-093-1-0168
Enzyme-soluble organic matter (ESOM) of 167 Austrian grass silages was measured using the cellulase reference method, also predicted by near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) and a general linear model (GLM) based on chemical parameters. NIRS calibration showed much higher accuracy (R² = 0.90) than GLM (R²=0.57). Results indicate that NIRS is a reliable and cost-effective method for estimating ESOM in grass silage.
THE EFFECT OF HARVEST DATE OF ALEXANDRIAN CLOVER GROWN AS A CATCH CROP ON THE QUALITATIVE PARAMETERS OF SILAGE
Jančík, F., Kubelková, P., Faltusová, T., Homolka, P., Loučka, R., Koukolová, V., ...
DOI: 10.11118/978-80-7701-093-1-0170
The aim of the work was to assess the quality parameters of silage produced from alexandrian clover (Trifolium alexandrinum L.), grown as a catch crop, with respect to the growth phase of the stand. The silages were experimentally created using the VacSy system. Chemical analyses were performed on the silages and the digestibility of nutrients was determined using the in situ method. The content of nitrogenous substances gradually decreased from 210 to 160 g/kg dry matter with the aging of the stand. A tendency towards a slight increase in the NDF content was found in the deflowered stand. From the point of view of nutrient digestibility, there was also a decrease in both the dry matter digestibility and the NDF digestibility in the deflowered stand.
THE ROLE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND DRONES IN SILAGE AND CATTLE NUTRITION
Loučka, R., Jambor, V., Malá, S., Marcoň, P., Kubelková, P.
DOI: 10.11118/978-80-7701-093-1-0172
A newly initiated research project (NAZV QL26010434, 2026–2030) is developing an integrated system combining artificial intelligence (AI) and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) for optimisation across the entire forage production chain – from crop cultivation through ensiling to cattle feeding. The consortium (Institute of Animal Science Prague-Uhříněves, NutriVet Ltd., Brno University of Technology) addresses critical gaps in current precision agriculture by creating a closed-loop data integration platform linking field monitoring, fermentation control, and feed optimisation.
THE ROLE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND DRONES IN SILAGE AND CATTLE NUTRITION
Li, Q., Xia, G., Usman, S., Ma, J., Zhang, J., Guo, X.
DOI: 10.11118/978-80-7701-093-1-0174
Subclinical mastitis (SM), a prevalent yet often overlooked inflammatory disease, requires urgent attention. Building on our prior finding that feeding Lactiplantibacillus plantarum 24-7 inoculated alfalfa silage reduces systemic inflammation and may thus aid in SM prevention, this study further examined the underlying mechanisms. In the SM + Lp 24-7 group, inoculation markedly lowered milk fat, protein, casein, and free fatty acid content, while elevating ruminal acetate, propionate, and butyrate. Somatic cell counts decreased by over 30% on average compared to the SM group during the observation period. Furthermore, the SM + Lp 24-7 group showed increased serum levels of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), ZO-1, and Occludin, along with reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6). Collectively, these results indicate that L. plantarum 24-7 feed helps prevent SM through two complementary mechanisms: mitigating inflammatory responses and strengthening blood-milk barrier integrity, supporting its potential as a dietary strategy for maintaining dairy goat health.
METHANE INDEX FOR GRASS SILAGES: A STANDARDIZED TOOL FOR BENCHMARKNG METHANE EMISSIONS GLOBALLY
Jacobs, A., Klein Koerkamp, D., Fabri, B.
DOI: 10.11118/978-80-7701-093-1-0176
Methane is a significant environmental concern in agriculture worldwide, contributing to climate change. Governments globally are addressing this issue; for instance, in 2022, the Dutch Government introduced a National Methane Strategy to reduce methane emissions by 30% by 2030 compared to 2020 levels.1 The agricultural sector, responsible for a large share of methane (CH₄) emissions, up to 78%.2 Measures like feed additives, optimized livestock diets, and advancements in breeding are being implemented to create a more sustainable sector. This study observed significant differences in methane emissions between years and seasons, prompting the creation of a Methane Index by Eurofins Agro. This Index benchmarks methane emissions in grass silages worldwide. This innovative tool supports promotes environmental sustainability in agriculture.
THE POSSIBILITIES OF DETERMINING THE NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF PRESERVED SORGHUM SILAGE USING NIRS TECHNOLOGY
Menšík, L., Nerušil, P., Mrkvicová, E., Jambor, V., Křížová, L.
DOI: 10.11118/978-80-7701-093-1-0178
The aim of the paper is to present newly verified progressive methods for evaluating the nutritional value of dry feed (standard ground sample, particle size <1 mm="" of="" preserved="" two-coloured="" sorghum="" silage="" i="">Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench.) in terms of the following parameters: CP, fibre, fat, ash, ADF, NDF, cellulose, ADL, DMD and OMD, using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). The parameters of the sorghum silage were determined using classical laboratory methods and measured simultaneously using NIRS. Calibration equations were developed using multidimensional regression methods (PLSR, MPLSR). The values of the coefficient of determination (R²) of the calibration (validation) ranged from 0.83 to 0.96 (0.77 to 0.97) for the nutritional value parameters. Only a small amount of sample material (approx. 5–10 g) is required for analysis using NIRS. Not only is the measurement very fast (sample determination takes approx. 2–5 minutes), it is also sufficiently accurate.
PRODUCTION AND QUALITY OF FORAGE SILAGES FROM DROUGHT-TOLERANT CROPS
Formelová, Z., Mlyneková, Z., Mlynár, R.
DOI: 10.11118/978-80-7701-093-1-0180
The study focuses on the production and quality of forage silages from drought-tolerant crops, with emphasis on sorghum (cv. Tarzan). The aim was to evaluate fermentation characteristics and silage quality using a biological additive (soluble Lactobacillus paracasei DSM 16245, Lactococcus lactis NCIMB 30160, Pediococcus acidilactici DSM 16243, concentration 1.25 × 10¹¹, carrier lactose) applied at 1 mL/kg and a chemical additive (composed of propionic acid, formic acid, and glycerol) applied at 8 mL/kg in comparison with a control. The results showed that the highest dry matter losses occurred in the chemically treated silage (1.19%), while the control and biological variants had lower losses (0.64–0.74%). The biological additive enhanced lactic acid production, resulting in a lower pH and improved fermentation. All variants showed good silage quality with low proteolysis. Sorghum silages represent a suitable alternative roughage source, particularly under drought conditions, while appropriate ensiling practices and additive selection significantly influence their quality.